History Philosophy

The History program at Orchard House School provides more than just historical facts to memorize. We know that the study of history involves the fields of politics, economics, anthropology, and sociology. It also provides context and coherence to all aspects of human development. Knowing the history of our world and our nation is rich and important to our students and is knowledge that shapes our girls’ interest in current events, the world around her, her willingness to participate in local and global events, and the wisdom and information to make informed decisions while doing so. Although our courses are organized into units of study, there is an emphasis on patterns of development that cut across these units to understand continuity and change, success and failure, repression and freedom. The content also places an equal emphasis on the lives of the powerful and not so powerful so that students can grasp how diverse groups of people have effected and changed history.

Another important focus of our History program develops the girls’ skills in collecting and organizing information. From note-taking and reading assignments to map reading and test preparation, the students learn to distinguish tangible and useful information and restate facts and ideas accurately and in their own voice. Students become critical thinkers, insightful observers, and proficient writers.
Lastly, we promote an interactive approach to learning history. To be actively engaged is to experience optimal learning. Through lecture, lively debate, presentations, games, skits, art, field trips and internet research, Orchard House School girls are active participants in their own historical education.

Course descriptions by grade may be seen by selecting each of the following:

Grade 5

History 5: World History to 500 C.E.

World History to 500 C.E. is a fifth grade course that lays the foundation for historical thinking in subsequent grades. To underscore the relatively recent evolution of humans and their place in the larger universe, it begins with the Big Bang and the emergence of early hominids. After students learn about the science of archeology and the characteristics of various human species, the course continues with the development of Homo sapiens and the long transition from the Stone Age to farming. The course next turns to the complex societies that arose in the Tigris-Euphrates, Nile, and Indus river valleys after 4,000 B.C.E., examining how the interaction of significant social, economic, political, and cultural changes resulted in civilizations. Finally attention shifts to early European civilizations on the island of Crete and mainland Greece. Throughout the course, students study the origins and practices of belief systems like Sumerian mythology, Judaism, and Buddhism. There is also an underlying emphasis on geography, gender relations, leadership styles, writing systems, art, and lawmaking.

Grade 6

History 6: World History 500-1500 C.E.

World History 500-1500 C.E. is a sixth grade course that takes an integrated approach to studying the Middle Ages. Divided into units that examine societies and cultures in different regions of the world, the course begins with the study of the Byzantine Empire and then moves to the Islamic Empire. Attention is given to the founding and guiding principles of Islam as well to the contributions of Islamic scientists and artists. The kingdoms of West Africa and Zimbabwe are the next areas of focus. Students not only find out about the greatness of Timbuktu and the accomplishments of leaders like Mansa Musa or Queen Amina, but also learn why and how the rich histories of African cultures have often been overlooked. The students then investigate China’s emergence as a center of economic and cultural production, the vastness of the Mongol Empire, and the development of the Japanese feudal system. An underlying theme is how these different societies became increasingly linked together through commercial and cultural exchanges. The course ends with Feudal Europe and the causes for the Renaissance. Rather than study each unit in isolation, students look for common patterns of development and the interactions between societies. The course involves note- taking, timelines, art projects, class discussion, presentations, role-playing, map work, cooperative learning, computer research, and writing assignments.

Grade 7

History 7: U.S. History to 1860

U.S. History to 1860 is a seventh grade course that encourages students to develop their analytical thinking and writing skills. The course begins with the Protestant Reformation and Renaissance. The focus then shifts to the European discovery of the New World. Students discuss Viking expeditions to Newfoundland, Portuguese voyages around the tip of Africa, Columbus’s trips to the Caribbean, Spanish conquistadors in South America, and French explorers farther north. Students then turn to the relatively late arrival of the English in the New World. For both Jamestown and New England, the class compares motives, death rates, labor systems, settlement patterns, social roles, religion, utopian ideals, and economics. The American Revolution is the next topic of discussion and includes an extensive consideration of the Declaration of Independence and Constitution. After learning about the trials and tribulations of the new nation, students work on a five- page research paper about some aspect of life in the antebellum U.S. The year ends with a comparison of economic and social developments in the South and North. U.S. History to 1860 involves class discussion, writing assignments, primary document analysis, computer research, role-playing, artwork, debates, and field trips. Throughout the course, there is an underlying emphasis on civics and government.

Grade 8

History 8: U.S. History, 1860-1970

U.S. History, 1860-1970 is an eighth grade course that encourages students to think critically and develop advanced writing skills. The course is organized both chronologically and thematically to get at the sequence and significance of unfolding events. It begins with the Civil War and Reconstruction where discussion mainly focuses on human motivations and responses. The industrial growth of the late nineteenth century is the next area of focus, covering the rise of monopolies, the achievements of empire builders, the appeal of trade unions and the impact of progressivism. Students also write a five-page research paper on the woman’s suffrage movement. They then turn to race relations in the postwar South with topics ranging from Jim Crow and lynching to the Great Migration and Booker T. Washington. An examination of foreign policy in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century follows with attention paid to the Russian Revolution and Stalinism. During the rest of the year, students focus on people and events in specific decades of the twentieth century. In U.S. History, 1860-1970 involves class discussion, writing assignments, primary document analysis, computer research, role-playing, artwork, debates, and a field trip to Washington D.C. Throughout the course, the U.S. experience is discussed in a comparative framework rather than in isolation. The girls take a weekly quiz in world geography. There are also periodic examinations of geo-political questions like National Debt or the Palestinian-Israeli crisis, as well as current developments in the U.S. like illegal immigration or presidential campaigns.

History 8: World History 1

World History 1 is an optional ninth grade history course that eighth grade students may take in addition to their regular U.S. history class. Much like an independent study, students largely complete the course on their own time outside of school. It entails one reading and one writing assignment per week. The class also meets once a week to discuss material. There is also an open book test at the end of each semester. Focusing on Ancient history and the Middle Ages, the course examines the development of early humans in the Paleolithic Era, ancient river valley civilizations in Mesopotamia and Egypt, world belief systems like Judaism, Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam, and Christianity, classical civilizations like Persia, Greece, Rome, and China, feudalism in Japan and Europe, and the Renaissance. Although most of the material will be a repeat of the fifth and sixth grades, there is a much greater emphasis on analytical writing and thinking. Students earn high school credit with the completion of the course.